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Era's Journal of Medical Research: Volume-11 Number-1 2024

A STUDY ON THE STRENGTHS OF HAIR: RELAXED AND NATURAL HAIR STRENGTHS AMONG UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN STUDENTS, ILORIN, KWARA STATE

Alabi Ade Stephen1, Adebayo Zainab Precious2, Dare Ezekiel BABATUNDE3, Joshua Abidemi OWA4, Ayoola Abosede Mary5, OLASEHINDE Oluwatoyin Ezekiel6, Adeoye Titilayo Temitope7 Department of Anatomy1,2,3,5, Department of Paediatrics4, Department of Orthopaedics6, Department of Behavioural Sciences7 Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria1,2 Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences College of Health Sciences, Bowen University Iwo. Osun state, Nigeria3 Federal Teaching Hospital, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria4 College of Medicine, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria5 University of Ilorin Teaching hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria6,7

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HISTOPATHOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF GALLBLADDER LESIONS IN CHOLECYSTECTOMY SPECIMENS- A TERTIARY CARE EXPERIENCE

Priyanshi, Pooja Jaiswal, Priyanka Singh Department of Pathology Integral Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Integral University, Lucknow, India

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CYTOMORPHOLOGICAL SCORING OF BREAST LESIONS AND ITS HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION

Kunvar Abhishek Nath, Syed Fiza Mustaqueem, Megha Agrawal Department of Pathology Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Lucknow, U.P., India-226026.

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EFFECT OF ALCOHOL INTAKE AND CIGARETTE SMOKING ON LIPID PROFILE LEVELS AND SELECTED INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS

Godwin Olawoyinbn Adunmo1, Temidayo Daniel Adeniyi2, Oluwaloseyi Ayoposi Olorunfemi3, Eyitayo Olutoyin Adunmo4, David Adesoye Stephen5, Abayomi Joseph Ajayi6 Department of Medical Laboratory Science1,2,3, Department of Family Medicine4, Department of Environmental Health Sciences5, Department of Physiology6 Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria1,2 University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria3,4 Thomas Adewumi University, Oko, Kwara State, Nigeria5,6

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BIOCOMPATIBILITY, CYTOTOXICITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L. AERIAL EXTRACTS: IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDY

Samaneh Rahamouz-Haghighi, Ali Sharafi Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

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ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE AND UTILIZATION OF “SUMAN” SCHEME AMONG THE ELIGIBLE WOMEN IN SELECTED RURAL COMMUNITY LUCKNOW

Divya Verma, Sonia Agnes Singh Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing Era College of Nursing, Era University, Sarfarzganj, Lucknow, U.P. India -226003

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EFFICACY AND DISADVANTAGES OF REGENERATIVE DENTISTRY

Kafilul Bari Khan Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT (deemed to be) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India-751024

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MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS: A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS TREATMENT

Violina Saharia, Paras Porwal, Rahul Gupta, Ausaf Ahmad Department of Biotechnology Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, India-226028

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METHODOLOGIES IN PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Sheza Waqar Beg Senior Associate upGrad, Smartworks - Fleet House, Marol, Andheri East, Mumbai 400053.

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NATURAL THERAPEUTICS: CARICA PAPAYA LEAVES AND THEIR IMPACT ON DENGUE FEVER – A REVIEW

Riya Nag1, Sanchita Srivastava2, Kaynat Fatima2, Ale Eba2, Farheen Khan2 Department of Biochemistry1, Department of Biotechnology2 Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, U.P., India-226003.

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RED CELL FRAGMENTATION SYNDROME: A REVIEW

Reeta Chaudhary1, Shivangi Shukla1, Huma Parveen1, Saba Naziya2 Department of Pathology United Institute of Medical Sciences, Allahabad, U.P., India-231313.2 Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, U.P., India-226003.1

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FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Silky Rai*, Subuhi Anwar**, Mehnaz Khan** Department of Oncopathology*, Department of Pathology** Tata Memorial Centre, Mahahmana Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Cancer Centre and Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Varanasi, U.P., India-221005*. Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, U.P., India-226003**.

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FFECT OF BHRAMARI PRANAYAMA ON HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS: A SYSTEMIC REVIEW

Javeria Fatima1, Syed Tahseen Raza2, Rabia khatoon3, Seema Singh4 Department of Physiology1,2,4, Department of Anatomy3 Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarzganj, Lucknow, U.P. India -2260031,2,4 Baba Kinaram Autonomous State Medical College, Chandauli, Uttar Pradesh, India-2321043

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MITOCHONDRIAL CARBON STRESS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS: IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN HEALTH

Subuhi Anwar*, Saba Naziya**, Priyanka Sharma* Department of Pathology United Institute of Medical Sciences, Prayagraj, U.P., India-211001** Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, U.P., India-226003*.

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THE TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION INVOLVES GROUP DYNAMICS AND TEAM BUILDING

Gurjeet Singh1, Raksha1, KA Narayan2 Department of Microbiology MM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar, (Deemed to be University) Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India-133207.1 Institute of Health Professions Education, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Ashok Nagar, Lawspet, Puducherry, India-605005.2

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ROLE OF CYTOKINE STORM IN COVID-19 SEVERITY AND ITS TREATMENT MANAGEMENT

Shrikant Verma1, Sushma Verma1, Sheeba Afreen1, Mohammad Abbas1,2, Farzana Mahdi1 Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine1, Department of Microbiology2 Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, U.P., India-226003.

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ENIGMA OF PRECANCEROUS LESIONS IN THE ORAL CAVITY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Saif R Siddiqui Department of Dental Dr. KNS Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Ayodhya Road, Barabanki, U.P., India-225001

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FLOW CYTOMETERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN CLINICAL RESEARCH

Raushan Kumar Department of Biochemistry University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P., India-211002.

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FUTURE OF NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPIES IN THE NICU FOR PREMATURE INFANTS: A SUMMARY

Raushan Kumar, Syed Ibrahim Rizvi Department of Biochemistry University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P., India-211002.

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RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS DUE TO SJOGREN'S SYNDROME PRESENTING AS HYPOKALEMIC QUADRIPARESIS: A CASE REPORT

Asif Islam1, Fatima Khurshid2 Department of Medicine and Rheumatology1, Department of Radiation Oncology2 Ali Fatima Hospital Lahore, Pakistan1 Shifa International Hospital Ltd. Islamabad, Pakistan2

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PSEUDO NECROTIZING SCLERITIS FOLLOWING IMPROPER ADMINISTRATION OF POSTERIOR SUB TENON INJECTION: CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND AS-OCT FEATURES

Gaurav Kohli, Luxmi Singh, Bharti Nigam Department of Ophthalmology Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, U.P., India-226003.

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PROLIFERATING TRICHILEMMAL CYST OF SCALP –A CASE REPORT

Iqra Sheikh, Alina Kazmi, Noorin Zaidi, Sumaiya Irfan, Nirupma Lal Department of Pathology Era's Lucknow Medical College And Hospital, Era University, Sarfarzganj, Lucknow, U.P. India -226003

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UNDIAGNOSED MALIGNANCY IN A PATIENT PRESENTING WITH DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS : A CASE REPORT

Urooj Roohani, Asna Khan, Harshita Rani, Krishna Bihari Gupta, Ilma Sheikh, Samreen Bano Nadri Department of Respiratory Medicine Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, U.P., India-226003.

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EVAN’S SYNDROME – A RARE ENTITY

Beenish Bano, Mantasha Akther, Priyanka Sharma, Faraz Shamim, Akanksha Sharma, Farheen Khan Department of Pathology Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, U.P., India-226003.

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NAVIGATING COMPLEXITIES: A CASE STUDY ON ASPIRATION PNEUMONITIS AND SEPTIC SHOCK IN A CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT

Priyanka Sharma, Beenish Bano, Mantasha Akther, Faraz Shamim, Akanksha Sharma, Nishat -I- Iram Department of Pathology Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, U.P., India-226003.

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FROM MICROCYTIC ANEMIA TO ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA: A CASE REPORT OF RAPID HEMATOLOGIC TRANSFORMATION

Nishat-I Iram, Rashi Vaish, Beenish Bano, Andleeb Zehra, Akanksha Sharma, Priyanka Sharma Department of Pathology Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow, U.P., India-226003.

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From the Editor’s Desk

CANCER–INITIATION & CANCER STEM CELLS

The effort to understand as to why cancer re-emerges despite treatment by chemotherapy or radiotherapy along with full surgery has revealed many new facts and theories responsible for this, the most important of all these has been the concept of cancer stem cells which lie dormant, silently & secretly, during all this period. Watching and investigating closely has revealed this not to be a straight, easy and simple task. Many processes, pathways and chemical/enzymes/hormones are involved to baffle the mind. Progression and reprogression / metastasis of cancer to other organs has lead to relevation of many new facts.

In order to simplify this difficult process, the easiest and first thing to focus is on one single aspect of this whole complicated story. We start this narrative with cancer stem cells and their microenvironment.

Our observations and derived concepts, tell us that cancer stem cells are similar to normal stem cells or progenitor cells which also have the ability for self renewal and differentiation in multiple directions to cause tumor mass production. This first step called tumor initiation occurs because of large number of mutations occurring in the DNA of the cell. Most of the times, this is helped with epigenitics and assisted by microenvironment. Microenvironment comprise many supportive factors, enzymes/hormones etc, along with inflammatory and immune cells.

Once so many mutations have taken place within the cell, the cell loses its control over cell division and acquires other malignant properties.

This conversion of a quiescent stem cell into cancer stem cell and then into active cell can take place even in non-cancer stem cell. There are many controversial views about this fact and the origin of cell is doubtful.

Nevertheless, this process of mutation continues and converts such a cell into more aggressive phenotype. This phenotype proliferates and tumor results.

The interaction of this cancer cell, the effects of chemotherapy or therapeutic intervention produce fully developed/ often resistant cancer cells.

More over, role of stemness transcription factor SOX-2 has been studied in detail. SOX-2 positively expressing cells when transplanted to mice, give rise to tumor formation. Whereas if transcription factor is deleted even from established tumors, the regression of tumor takes place.

The other important factor causing initiation of cancer is inflammation. Some of the viruses have been associated with this; viruses like HPV, hepatitis B & C, etc and helicobactor pylori. This is medicated through reactive oxygen species (ROS) reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and lipid poroxidation products (LPP). These toxic by products cause mutation in gene and through this process, initiate cancer.

Inflammation not only causes initiation of cancer under favorable conditions but it even persists through all phases of cancer development. The stem cells, the stem cells niche and the ROS, RNS and LPP all are related in cause and effect manner. The detailed mechanisms are still not clear.

The CSC niche also promotes and safeguards the progression and maintenance of stem cells in the long run via self renewal and angiogenesis. In turn, CSCs also modulate microenvironment for their survival, growth and metastasis.

The next phase in cancer development and the role of cancer stem cells comes through neoangiogenesis. As the cancer has been established, it grows and with its growth the size increase requires more food hence more circulation. This is met through neoangiogenesis. This need is fulfilled through microenvironment which produces, newer micro blood vessels. This in turn is helped by cancer stem cells; marked by surface markers CD31/ CD34, etc and endothelial cells.

These and other factors co-ordinate to secrete proangiogenic factors. The actual process involves great or details found in literature. During tumor developmental process and stem cells coordination comes the role of drug resistance.


Prof. A. N. Srivastava

Director Research

Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital Lucknow

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